UNIT 3 → 1914 to 1929
PART A WW1 → 1914 to 1918
PART A WW1 → 1914 to 1918
Forces Making War More Likely (CAUSES of WW1)
Forces Making War More Likely (CAUSES of WW1)
The War That Ended Peace
Sarajevo Assassination → 5 Weeks Later WW1 → Unprecedented Carnage Began
THE OUTBREAK of WW1 a shock but it did not come out of a clear blue sky, rather the clouds of violent conflict had been gathering in the previous 2 decades and many Europeans aware of that fact at the time.
→ DAMS about to break, AVALANCHES about to slide (common imagery in the literature of the time).
VERY LITTLE IN HISTORY IS INEVITABLE
♦ There is a danger in looking at causes of WW1 because we can see all the things that were leading up to 1914 and because we CAN see them now, we tend to think the war was bound to happen.
CENTRAL QUESTION How is it possible that Europe turned from a long peace to war so quickly?
→ As time goes by one forgets the reasons we enjoy peace.
→The
next generations don't remember the reasons peace is so necessary, thus
strong emotional support for peace disappears
the further a nation gets from the last war.
→ Leaders did not fully understand what war could mean in a modern context.
DANGERS OR FORCES making war more likely
1. Rivalries Over Colonies
2. Economic Competition
3. Ethnic Nationalism (that was tearing apart the failing Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires)
4. Growth of Nationalist Public Opinion (which put new pressures on leaders to stand up for their nation's perceived rights and interests).
5. Other Ideas
→ in the past European leaders were able to solve crises in the Balkans which created a confidence that threats of conflict could be dealt with diplomatically / peacefully.
→ European leaders believed the war would be short with decisive battles and victories. Easy to glamourize war with glorious campaigns abroad.
→ European leaders felt the war was inevitable → a SOCIAL DARWINISM where nations are like individual species that need to fight for survival (war a natural part of the international order). War is good for nations to keep citizens strong and act as a test of bravery and the moral fiber of a nation.
DOCUMENTARY -- A Necessary War? WATCH (0 to minute 20)
4 M. A. I. N. FORCES THAT MADE WAR MORE LIKELY
Militarism
The belief that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests. A policy of aggressive military preparedness to gain power and to achieve its goals.
Alliances
A formal agreement or pact, especially a military one, between two or more countries to achieve a particular aim, such as collective security.
Imperialism
A policy of extending a country’s political and economic power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means in order to gain control over other areas of the world.
Nationalism
CONSEQUENCES of WW1
SOURCE 2 → Vimy Ridge Documentary Discovery Channel Great Battles
SOURCE 3 → Vimy Ridge: Birthplace of a Nation – or of a Canadian Myth? The Globe and Mail 31 March 2017
The war in the Middle East was not as bloody as the slaughter on the Western Front, still hundreds of thousands of casualties happened. In addition, approximately 1 million Armenians were killed or starved to death during their deportation by Ottoman / Turkish forces.
The United Kingdom's and France's arbitrary and careless redesign of the middle east has led to eternal conflict and instability both within countries and between neighbouring countries.
Syria was a strategically important cross-roads between Europe and Asia. Syria was an artery of global trade and with wealth came the desire of many empires to dominate and control the region, including, the Egyptians, Assyrians, Alexander the Great, Romans, Caliphs, Mongols, Ottomans, British, and the French.
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People around the world watched the Russian Revolution unfold with a mix of queasy horror, astonishment and delight.
Emboldened by the precedent set in Russia, revolutionaries in other countries dove into their own projects of transformation with fresh enthusiasm.
It was through studying Lenin that Ho Chi Minh, the first leader of North Vietnam, developed his conviction that only socialism and communism could liberate oppressed nations.
In 1932, the poet Langston Hughes travelled to Moscow. In his poem "Good morning, Revolution," written during that trip, he calls revolution "the best friend I ever had."
SPECIAL FOCUS Consequence # 6 → The Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
Goals of the Major Powers at the Paris Peace Conference (Treaty of Versailles)
Goals of the Major Powers at the Paris Peace Conference (Treaty of Versailles)
********************************************NOT ON TEST***************************************************
The War at Home
Creating Canada
Spotlight Canada
Post War Case Studies
Post War Case Studies
Case Study #1 → Fighting for Rights Labour Rights → Winnipeg General Strike
Case Study #1 → Fighting for Rights Labour Rights → Winnipeg General Strike
PDF COPY → Worksheet
PDF COPY → Textbook Excerpt D
Case Study #2 → The Indian Residential School Era → Assimilation & the 10 Steps of Genocide
Article A, B or C Task
SAMPLE VENN DEBRIEF → Class Bottom Lines & Class Integrated Quotes
Case Study → Women's Rights → Legal & Political Rights
Charlotte Gray's biography of Nellie McClung, the leader of the first wave of Canadian feminism, has been called "an inspired pairing of tale and teller."
One of Penguin Canada’s Extraordinary Canadians series, this short biography is a candid look at the firebrand who helped get women the vote, participated in the Famous Five court case to secure the right for women to sit in the Senate, and championed the rights of immigrant women.
McClung's wicked wit and strategic political sense helped shape the Canada of today. A Western populist, she embodied the values that still characterize Canada – faith in government, a collective commitment to social programs.
However, this slim volume is also an essay by a seasoned biographer on the nature of biography, the reliability of primary material, and the characteristics that define Canadian women today.
Charlotte Gray uses her considerable skills as a biographer to tell us the story of Nellie McClung, who made women’s rights acceptable for mainstream Canadian society, fighting to give women the power to work within their traditional roles to better all of society. Gray shows us how McClung moved from working in her community to fighting on the provincial level to being part of the national movement to have women declared as “persons” under the law. She was only one of many in this fight, but was a force who inspired women both then and now to fight for equality.
Excerpt from Book
"Getting to know Nellie McClung over the past year has crystallized insights into Canadian women that have intrigued me ever since I arrived in this country in 1979. I have often noticed a sort of robust self-assurance exuded by women I’ve met here. And now I realize that Nellie has had a lot to do with this trait."
Persons Case
Women are persons in matters of pains and penalties, but are not persons in matters of rights and privileges.
SECTION 24 BNA Act
The Governor General shall from Time to Time, "in the Queen's Name, by Instrument under the Great 'Seal of Canada, summon qualified Persons to the 'Senate; and, subject to the Provisions of this Act, 'every Person so summoned shall become and be a 'Member of the Senate and a Senator."
DOES THE WORD "PERSONS" IN SECTION 24 OF THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT 1867, INCLUDE FEMALE PERSONS?
Women are not "qualified persons" within the meaning of section 24 of the B.N.A. Act, 1867, and therefore are not eligible for appointment by the Governor General to the Senate of Canada (Judgement by the Supreme Court of Canada).
♦ Legal language did not distinguish when the law applied to MALE and FEMALE persons and when the law applied to one sex only.
♦ "Person" became synonymous with male person.
♦ This confusion was the reason that Canadian women had to put forward the above question in the first place.
♦ The Supreme Court of Canada replied that the word "person" did not include female persons. Fortunately for Canadian women, the Famous 5 were able to appeal to an even higher court, the British Privy Council. The question was duly submitted to them and on October 18, 1929 they overturned the decision of the Supreme Court by deciding that the word "person" did indeed include persons of the female gender.
♦ Some women became persons under 1929 ruling. Many women, including Aboriginal, Asian and other women of colour, remained ineligible because of their race.
♦ The word "person" always had a much broader meaning than its strict legal definition, and it therefore had been used to exclude women from university degrees, from voting, from entering the professions and from holding public office.
♦ The definition of "person" became a threshold test of women's equality.
♦ Only when Canadian women had been legally recognized as persons could they gain access to public life. After 1929, the door was open for women to lobby for further changes to achieve equality. As women across Canada can confirm today, that struggle continues.